Glycogen Storage Disease Essay -- Disease, Disorders

Introduction: Glycogen storage disease is the result of a defect in the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen that is found in muscles, the liver and many other cell types. This disease may be genetic or acquired and is usually caused by a defect in certain enzymes that are important in the metabolism of glycogen. To date, there are 11 different classifications for glycogen storage disease but this paper will focus on glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD I), also known as von Gierke’s disease, after the German doctor who discovered it. GSD I is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder with the incidence being 1 in 100,000. Parents may be heterozygote carriers, making them asymptomatic, however they have a 25% chance of having a child that is affected by GSD I. Prenatal diagnosis can be made by completing a liver biopsy at 18-22 weeks but no fetal treatments are currently available and standard newborn screening tests are not able to detect GSD I. Background and epidemiology: GSD I is a genetic disease resulting from the deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and glucose-6-phosphate translocase (Andria et al). These particular enzymes are important in enabling the liver to produce glucose from glycogen and/or generate new glucose via gluconeogenesis. The inability of the liver to produce glucose from these metabolic pathways can result in severe hypoglycemia since the liver is responsible for maintaining blood glucose for the body in periods of fasting. The reduction of glycogen breakdown can also cause the kidneys and liver to become enlarged because excess glycogen is typically stored within these two organs. The liver and kidneys can typically function normally during childhood, however because of the increas... ...apter 362. Glycogen Storage Diseases and Other Inherited Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism. In D.L. Longo, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, J.L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo (Eds), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. Retrieved January 21, 2012 from http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=9144477. Medscape, Glycogen Storage Diseases Types I-VII. Retrieved at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1116574-overview. Moses, S.W. Historical higlights and unsolved problems in glycogen storage disease type 1. European Journal of Pediatrics 2002, 161: S2-S9. Nazir, Z. and Qazi, S.H. Urolithiasis and psoas abscess in a 2 year old boy with type 1 glycogen storage disease. Pedriatric Nephrology 2006, 21: 1772-1775. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Glycogen storage disease type I. Retrieved at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_I.

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 20

Maggie held Sylvia gently. Or at least, she knelt by her and tried to hold herasbest she could without disturbing the piece of broken spear that wasstill lodged in Sylvia's body. It was all over. Where Hunter Redfern and hismost trusted nobles had been, there was a large scorched crater in the earth. Maggie vaguely recalled seeing a few people running for the hillsGavin the slave trader had been among them. But Hunter hadn't been one of them. He had been at ground zero when the blue fire struck, and nowthere wasn't even a wisp of red hair to show thathe had existed. Except for Delos, there weren't any Night Peopleleft in the courtyard atall. The slaves were just barely peeking out againfrom their huts. â€Å"It's all right,† Jeanne was yelling. â€Å"Yeah, youheard me it's all right!Delos isn't dangerous. Notto us, anyway. Come on, you, get out of therewhat are you doing hiding behind that pig?† â€Å"She's good at this,† a grim voice murmured. Maggie looked up and saw a tall, gaunt figure,with a very small girl clasped to her side. â€Å"Laundress!† she said. â€Å"Oh, and PJ.-I'm so glad you're all right. But, Laundress, please†¦ .† The healing woman knelt. But even as she did, alook passed between her and Sylvia. Sylvia's facewas a strange, chalky color, with shadows thatlooked like bruises under her eyes. There was alittle blood at the corner of her mouth. â€Å"It's no good,† she said thickly. â€Å"She's right,† Laundress said bluntly. â€Å"There'snothing you can do to help this one, Deliverer, andnothing I can do, either.† â€Å"I'm not anybody's Deliverer,† Maggie said. Tearsprickled behind her eyes. â€Å"You could have fooled me,† Laundress said, andgot up again. â€Å"I see you sitting here, and I see allthe slaves over there, free. You came and it happened-the prophecies were fulfilled. If you didn'tdo it, it's a strange coincidence.† The look in her dark eyes, although as unsentimental as ever, made Maggie's cheeks burn suddenly. She looked back down at Sylvia. â€Å"But she's the one who saved us,† she said, hardlyaware that she was speaking out loud. â€Å"She deserves some kind of dignity†¦.† â€Å"She's not the only one who saved us,† a voicesaid quietly, and Maggie looked up gratefully atDelos. â€Å"No, you did, too.† â€Å"That's not what I meant,† he said, and kneltwhere Laundress had. One of his hands touched Maggie's shoulder lightly, but the other one wentto Sylvia's. â€Å"There's only one thing I can do to help you,† hesaid. â€Å"Do you want it?† â€Å"To become a vampire?† Sylvia's head movedslightly in a negative. â€Å"No. And since there's woodnext to my heart right now, I don't think it would work anyway.† Maggie gulped and looked at the spear, whichhad cracked in the confusion when the guards ran. â€Å"We could take it out – !† I wouldn't live through it. Give up for once, will you?† Sylvia's head moved slightly again in disgust. Maggie had to admire her, even dying, she still hadthe strength to be nasty. Witches were tough. â€Å"Listen,† Sylvia said, staring at her. â€Å"There'ssomething I want to tell you.† She drew a painfulbreath. â€Å"About your brother.† Maggie swallowed, braced to hear the terrible details â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"It really bugged me, you know? I would put on my nicest clothes, do my hair, we would go out †¦and then he'd talk about you.† Maggie blinked, utterly nonplussed. This wasn't at all what she had expected. â€Å"He would?† â€Å"About his sister.How brave she was. How smartshe was. How stubborn she was.† Maggie kept blinking. She'd heard Miles accuse her of lots of things, but never of being smart. Shefelt her eyelids prickle again and her throat swellpainfully. â€Å"He couldn't stand to hear a bad word about you,† Sylvia was saying. Her purple-shadowed eyes narrowed suddenly, the color of bittersweet nightshade. â€Å"And I hated you for that. But him †¦ I liked him.† Her voice was getting much weaker. Aradia knelton her other side and touched the shimmering silvery hair. â€Å"You don't have long,† she said quietly, as if giving a warning. Sylvia's eyes blinked once, as if to say she understood. Then she turned her eyes on Maggie. â€Å"I told Delos I killed him,† she whispered.†But †¦I lied.† Maggie felt her eyes fly open. Then all at onceher heart was beating so hard that it shook herentire body. â€Å"You didn'tkill him? He's alive?† â€Å"I wanted to punish him†¦ but I wanted himnear me, too†¦.† A wave of dizziness broke over Maggie. She bentover Sylvia, trying not to clutch at the slender shoulders. All she could see was Sylvia's pale face. â€Å"Please tell me what you did,† she whisperedwith passionate intensity. â€Å"Please tell me.† â€Å"I had him †¦ changed.† The musical voice wasonly a distant murmur now. â€Å"Made him a shapeshifter †¦ and added a spell. So he wouldn'tbe human again until I wanted †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What kind of spell?† Aradia prompted quietly. Sylvia made a sound like the most faraway ofsighs. â€Å"Not anything that you need to deal with,Maiden†¦. Just take the leather band off his leg.He'll always be a shapeshifter †¦but he won't be lost to you†¦.† Suddenly her voice swelled up a little stronger,and Maggie realized that the bruised eyes werelooking at her with something like Sylvia's oldmalice. â€Å"You're so smart †¦ I'm sure you can figure outwhich animal †¦Ã¢â‚¬  After that a strange sound came out of herthroat, one that Maggie had never heard before.Somehow she knew without being told that itmeant Sylvia was dying-right then. The body in the green dress arched up once andwent still. Sylvia's head fell back. Her eyes, the color of tear-drenched violets, were open, staringup at the sky, but they seemed oddly flat. Aradia put a slender dark hand on the paleforehead. â€Å"Goddess of Life, receive this daughter of Hellewise,† she said in her soft, ageless voice. â€Å"Guideher to the other world.† She added, in a whisper,†She takes with her the blessing of all the witches.† Maggie looked up almost fearfully to see if theshining figure who had surrounded Aradia like anaura would come back. But all she saw was Aradia's beautiful face, with its smooth skin the color of coffee with cream and its compassionate blindgaze. Then Aradia gently moved her hand down to shutSylvia's eyes. Maggie clenched her teeth, but it was no use.She gasped once, and then somehow she was in the middle of sobbing violently, unable to stop it.But Delos's arms were around her, and she buriedher face in his neck, and that helped. When she gotcontrol of herself a few minutes later, she realizedthat in his arms she felt almost what she had inher dream, that inexpressible sense of peace and security. Of belonging, utterly. As long as her soulmate was alive, and they weretogether, she would be all right. Then she noticed that P.J. was pressed up againsther, too, and she let go of Delos to put one armaround the small shaking body. â€Å"You okay, kiddo?† she whispered. P.J. sniffed. â€Å"Yeah. I am, now. It's been prettyscary, but I'm glad it's over.† â€Å"And you know,† Jeanne said, looking down atSylvia with her hands on her hips, â€Å"that's how Iwant to go. Taking my own way out †¦ and totally pissing everybody off at the end.† Maggie glanced up, startled, and choked. Thenshe gurgled. Then she shook her head, and knewthat her crying spell was over. â€Å"I don't even know why I'm like this about her. She wasn't a nice person. I wanted to kill her myself.† â€Å"She was a person,† Delos said. Which, Maggie decided, was about the best summing-up anybody could provide. She realized that Jeanne and Laundress andDelos were looking at her intently, and that Aradia's face was turned her way. â€Å"Well?† Jeanne said. â€Å"Do you know? Which animal your brother is?† â€Å"Oh,†Maggie said. â€Å"I think so.† She looked at Delos. â€Å"Do you happen to knowwhat the name Gavin means? For a shapeshifter?Does it mean falcon?† His blacklashed golden eyes met hers. â€Å"Hawk orfalcon. Yes.† Warm pleasure filled Maggie. â€Å"Then I know,† she said simply. She stood up, and Delos came with her as if he belonged by her. â€Å"How can we find the falcon she had with her thatfirst day we met? When you were out with the hunting party?† â€Å"It should be in the mews,† Delos said. A fascinated crowd gathered behind them as theywent. Maggie recognized Old Mender, smiling and cackling, and Soaker, not looking frightened anymore, and Chamber-pot Emptier †¦ â€Å"We really need to get you guys some newnames,† she muttered. â€Å"Can you just pick one or something?† The big girl with the moon face and the gentleeyes smiled at her shyly. â€Å"I heard of a noble named Hortense once†¦ .† â€Å"That's good,† Maggie said, after just the slightestpause. â€Å"Yeah, that's great. I mean, comparatively.† They reached the mews, which was a dark littleroom near the stable, with perches all over thewalls. The falcons were upset and distracted, and the air was full of flapping wings. They all lookedalike to Maggie. â€Å"It would be a new bird,† Delos said. â€Å"I thinkmaybe that one. Is the falconer here?† While everyone milled around looking for him, Jeanne edged close to Maggie. â€Å"What I want to know is how you know. How didyou even know Gavin was a shapeshifter at all?† â€Å"I didn't-but it was sort of logical. After all, Bernwas one. They both seemed to have the same kind of senses. And Aradia said that Sylvia took care of Miles down at her apartment, and Bern and Gavinwere both there. So it seemed natural that maybeshe made one of them pass the curse along toMiles.† ‘But why did you figure Gavin was a falcon?† â€Å"I don't know,† Maggie said slowly. â€Å"I justwell,he looked a little bit like one. Sort of thin andgolden. But it was more things that happened-he got away from Delos and over to the hunting party too fast to have gone by ground. I didn't really think about it much then, but it must have stuckat the back of my mind.† Jeanne gave her a narrow sideways glance. â€Å"Stilldoesn't sound like enough.† â€Å"No-but mostly, it was that Milesjust had to bea falcon. It had to be something small-Sylviawould hardly be carrying a pigora tiger or a beararound with her up the mountain. And I saw herwith a falcon that first day. It was something she could keep near her, something that she could control. Something that was an-accessory. It just allmade sense.† Jeanne made a sound like hmph.†I still don'tthink you're a rocket scientist. I think you luckedout† Maggie turned as the crowd brought a little manwith a lean, shrewd face to her-Falconer. â€Å"Well,we don't know yet,† she murmured fervently. â€Å"ButI sure hope so.† The little man held up a bird. â€Å"This is the newone. Lady Sylvia said never to take the green bandoff his leg-but I've got a knife. Would you like todo it?† Maggie held her breath. She tried to keep herhand steady asshe carefully cut through the emerald green leather band, but her fingers trembled. The leather tie fell free-and for a moment hexheart stood still, because nothing happened. And then she saw it. The rippling changeasthebird's wings outstretched and thickened and thefeathers merged and swam†¦and then Falconerwas moving back, and a human form was takingshape†¦ . And then Miles was standing there, with his auburn hair shining red gold and his handsome,wicked smile He gave her the thumbs-up sign. â€Å"Hey, I knew you would rescue me. What arelittle sisters for?† he said-and then Maggie was inhis arms. It seemed a long time later that all the hugging and crying and explaining was done. The slavesthe ex-slaves, Maggie corrected herself-had begunto gather and organize themselves and make plans.Delos and Aradia had sent various messengers outof the valley. There were still things to be settled-months' andyears' worth of things. And Maggie knew that lifewould never be the same for her again. She would never be a normal schoolgirl. Her brother was a shapeshifter-well, at least itwas a form he could enjoy, she thought wryly. Hewas already talking to Jeanne about a new way ofgetting to the summits of mountains-with wings. Her soulmate was a Wild Power. Aradia had already told her what that meant. It meant that theywould have to be protected by the witches and Circle Daybreak until the time of darkness came andDelos was needed, so that the Night World didn'tkill them. And even if they survived until the final battle†¦it was going to be a tough one. Plus, she herself had changed forever. She feltshe owed something to the people of the valley,who were still calling her the Deliverer. She wouldhave to try to help them adjust to the Outside world. Her fate would be intertwined with theirsall her life. But just now, everybody wastalking about getting some food. â€Å"Come into the castle-all of you,† Delos saidsimply. He took Maggie's arm and started toward it. Justthen P.J. pointed to the sky, and there was an awed murmur from the crowd. â€Å"The sun!† It was true. Maggie looked up and was dazzled.In the smooth, pearly sky of the Dark Kingdom, in exactly the place where the blue fire had flashedfrom the earth, there was a little clearing in theclouds. The sun was shining through, chasing awaythe mist, turning the trees in the surrounding hillsemerald green. And glinting off the sleek black walls of the castlelikeamirror. A place of enchantment, Maggie thought, lookingaround in wonder. It really is beautiful here. Then she looked at the boy beside her. At hisdark hairjust now extremely tousled-and hissmooth fair skin, and his elegant bones. At themouth which was still a bit proud and willful, but was mostly vulnerable. And at those fearless, brilliant yellow eyes whichlooked back at her as if she were the most important thing in the universe. â€Å"I suppose that all prophecies come true by accident,† she said slowly and thoughtfully. â€Å"From just ordinary people trying and lucking out.† â€Å"There is nothingordinary about you,† Delossaid, and kissed her. Onefrom the land of kings long forgotten; One from the hearth which still holds the spark; One fromthe Day World where two eyes are watching; One fromthe twilight to be one with the dark.

Reflective account personal development Free Essay Example, 1000 words

I did not try to improve my score or my abilities in these two fields at all as I felt they were not as important as reading and writing skills I was keen to learn in the course. The difficulties I faced in negative numbers were the inability to figure them out. I got a NP score in it. In Ratio, rounding and checking calculations too I got a TC. I don’t understand why I get so bothered about rations and fractions when I am good at basic multiplication and division? But I found out a way with the help of my professors who told me not to use any technology for calculations as practice to develop these skills. I am so happy to inform that I could do all my routine accounts without the help of Reflective Account Calculator. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective account personal development or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now These are the effects of too much dependence on modern technology I realized. I have discouraged myself from using it until very necessary ever since then. I did not attempt to do the assignments or tests in fractions, decimals, money, measurements, conversions, volumes, geometry, two dimensional and three dimensional figures, diagrammes, presentation of data, graphs, and topics in statistics like mean, median, range and probability. The list of NA s is very long as I just did not make an effort to do it. Why? The reason is psychological and not any other. I have a mind block about numbers, calculations and their usage so I tend to avoid these assignments is my personal observation during the course. I made no attempts to improve my self in these topics. I wish they can be deleted from the syllabus or made optional for students. I still got 86.11 % in this subject so I am very proud about it. It has increased my self esteem in public and in my family too. I got 93.75% in my English assignments. I got a NP in commas and sentences. So I overcame my low performance by not using the spell check and grammar check on my computer. Instead o f that I wrote one short paragraph every evening and got it corrected by my guide to help me with my corrections. I rewrote it so there were no mistakes in my comma usage. I have kept a record of each day. This was a laborious process but it was very effective for my improvement I feel. I did not attempt to complete my assignments in Apostrophes, inverted commas, Colons, semi colons, Active Passive voice, pronouns, locating information, use appropriate language, proof reading, facts, bias, opinions and yet I earned a score of 93.75% which goes to prove that I am proficient to carry on my daily business in English Reflective Account Communication as usual.

Importance Of Culture And Its Effect On Business...

UNITED STATES INETRNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-AFRICA MGT4030: CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT TERM PAPER Importance of culture and its role in business communication DONE BY NANDHA PUNIT 635370 LECTURER: SALOME GITOHO 16 March 2015 Table of Contents Executive summary 3 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 So what are culture and its effects on communication? 4 Cultural impacts on business communication 5 How business communication affects culture 7 How to add value in cross cultural skills to improve business communication 8 References 11 Executive summary This study is aimed at explaining cultural differences and how and if they can be measured. It expands on how different cultures influence business communication and how business organizations can in return influence cultures. An attempt to measure these cultural differences will be used to control its effects on business communications and in turn on business operations. With examples of different cultures, this study aims at understanding and evaluating certain cultures and how they can add value to a business. This comes in the form of employee’s awareness of different cultures and sensitivity towards them, and how these values can ease and better communication in business. The employees having these values/skills will be able to interact better on diverse levels and bring in international input. The study goes to prove that the right values and skills in cross cultural management can inprove business communication andShow MoreRelatedIntercultural Communication : Interaction Between International Students And Japanese Peers1451 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Intercultural Communication refers to the interaction between different cultural communities; the sharing of information across language and cultures is known as intercultural communication. 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I foundRead MoreEssay on intercultural communication1346 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasingly globalised business world a knowledge of business alone is not sufficient to achieve success; a greater awareness of intercultural communication is also required.† Do you agree or disagree with his opinion? In a well-structured essay explain your ideas using clear examples to support your ideas. Distance and time are no longer the biggest obstacles to doing business, as result of human innovation and technological progress. And with the development of communications and wide-spread cooperationRead MoreDescribe How Business Can Manage Change Effectively and Evaluate the Effectiveness of Employment Relations Strategies in Achieving Change.1200 Words   |  5 Pagespractice a new procedure or system. Organisations are advised how to prepare people for change and how to get them through it with minimal damage and cost. 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The Digital Age And The Age Of Information Technology

The twenty-first century is known as the digital age and the age of information technology. In today’s digital world, students need to be fluent in the use of technology in order to be successful global citizens and educators need to facilitate this need. The use of technology in classrooms will allow for the integration of the four C’s, four critical skills necessary for the modern day student. The Partnership for 21st Century Learning lists these skills as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity, all of which may be effectively taught to students using technology (2017). 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Changing Our Lives Essay Free Essays

Changing Our Lives There are several reasons I decided to go to college at this point of my life. The first reason was simply because when I first received my G. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Our Lives Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now D. I couldn’t decide which occupation was right for me. There were so many different and interesting career paths to choose from. It became overwhelming trying to narrow it down to the best choice. I honestly didn’t want to waste time and money going to school for a job I didn’t enjoy or that I could not excel at. I wasted the next part of my life using drugs and gambling. I made a lot of bad decisions that led me to become involved with law. I have never been charged with any felonies, but I have plenty of misdemeanors to show for my behavior. This limits me to what jobs I can receive. Once the company does a background check the hiring process usually stops there. Even though I have changed my life for the better most employers won’t give me a chance to prove myself. My record definitely limits me when choosing an occupation. I am embarrassed and not very proud of my mistakes I have made in life but I will not let the past slow me down. Being enrolled in college will help prove myself as a responsible adult and show others that I can shine in any situation. Going to college will give me that chance to make my family proud. I also think it is setting a great example for my children. They see every day how hard it is to work for a job you don’t like and not receiving the pay you deserve. Deciding to go to college will teach them that no matter what happens in life it’s never too late to make a change for the better. After a lot of thought and time I decided that I would receive my bachelors degree in business administration with a concentration on management. This opens many different outlets upon graduation and will help me decide on a specific career. I will also have the knowledge to hold a management position and make more money while still attending college. My ultimate goal is to one day own a couple of small businesses of my own. I already have the creativity, passion, and drive to be successful. Going to college will give me the understanding about the business world and bring me closer to my career goals. Waiting to go to college has been frustrating, but definitely worth it. I feel like I finally have enough time to manage work, school, and family life. I am more responsible and am able to make better choices. After changing my life I am finally on the path to seeing my dreams come true. Hopefully I will achieve my final goal of one day being my own boss. How to cite Changing Our Lives Essay, Essays

Causation and Remoteness of Damage

Question: Discuss about the Causation and Remoteness of Damage. Answer: Introduction: Negligence means breach of duty to care resulting in damage to the claimant, and imposing civil liability on the defendant. Section 5 of Civil Liabilities Act, 2002 defines negligence as failure to exercise reasonable care and skill. Under negligence, protection against three types of harm is granted, against personal injury, harm to property, and economic loss. The concept of negligence can be traced back to the judgment of chief judge Shaw in Brown vs. Kendall (1850) this was an action of trespass for assault and battery, wherein it was held that no action can lie in support of plaintiff until he proves lack of ordinary care on behalf of the defendant. In most cases of negligence the standard of care is reasonable care, which in ordinary prudence expected so as to avoid loss. (Statsky, 2011). The tort of negligence emerged so that a person can be held liable for carelessly causing harm to another. (Owen, 2007) There are three essential elements of tort of negligence, first the defendant owes a duty to care to claimant, second the duty to care is breached, and third damage has been caused due to breach of duty. The tort of negligence inflicts civil liability on the defendant so as to compensate the claimant for the damages such as physical or mental injury, loss of earnings, medical expenses, due to the negligent act of the defendant. (Posner, 1972). A person can be held liable for the damage caused to the other to the extent that the harm was foreseeable by him at the time of the breach of duty to care. Therefore it is asserted that negligence is a conduct which falls below acceptable standard. Section 12 of the Civil Liabilities Act, 2003 lay down that the onus of proof of negligence rests upon the person asserting that the act or omission constituted negligence. The tort of negligence is a civil wrong and the claimant is compensated for the loss, if the loss is proved on balance of proba bilities. Issues involved in a case of negligence House of Lords in Caparo Industries PIC vs. Dickman (1990) laid down the test to determine the existence of duty to care. The test requires three questions to be asked, first whether the claimant and defendant have a relationship of proximity, second whether the damage was reasonably foreseeable, and third whether it is reasonable to impose a duty upon the defendant. Whether the conduct of the defendant was reasonably foreseeable to cause injury to the claimant? Whether there exists a relationship of neighborhood or proximity between the defendant and claimant? If there exist a relationship of proximity, is it fair and reasonable to impose duty to care upon defendant towards claimant? As the tort is a civil wrong and it imposes civil liability upon the wrongdoer so the liability of the defendant in the present case would be determined in accordance with the principles laid down in Civil Liabilities Act, 2003. Relevancy of the issues For imposing civil liability on defendant in the present case the essentials of the tort of negligence is to be satisfied: Existence of Duty to care: A general duty of care is imposed on all persons so as to not place others at risk of harm through conduct which is foreseeable to result in harm [S. 9(1)]. The test of foreseeability is also relevant to the concepts of standard of care and remoteness of damages. The first element in the claim of negligence to be proven is that the law recognized a relationship between claimant and defendant, that the defendant owes a duty of care to the claimant. In Donoghue vs. Stevenson (1932) House of Lords held that a manufacturer owes a duty to care in the production of goods to the end consumer. Lord Atkin lay down that a person owes a duty to take reasonable care so as to avoid acts or omissions which can reasonably be foreseen are likely to injure your neighbor. Lord Atkin used the term neighbor to mean a person who is directly affected by the act or omission which caused damage. The standard of care to be exercised in most of the cases is that which a reasonable p erson of ordinary prudence in similar circumstance would have applied. This is known as the neighbor test. It is not essential to ascertain who would be the final consumer; it can be any person who suffers damage due to act or omission of the defendant. House of Lords in Junior Books Ltd. vs. Veitchi Co. Ltd. (1983) held that policy provisions which limited liability, should not preclude an extension of the liability where the neighbor principle was satisfied. In the instant matter it has been expressly mentioned that Trevor used to conduct night trips, but later shifted them to daytime because of several injuries caused to the clients due to fall. despite of the fact that the probability of causing injury was high at nigh time he took too long for completing his work due to which the troop had to return back from the forest area at night. Anna was Trevors client and there exist a relationship of proximity between them as there was likelihood of the fact that Anna would directly suffer from the adverse consequences of negligent act of the defendant. So it can be concluded that Trevor could foresee the damage [S. 9(2)]. Therefore it is just and reasonable to impose liability for breach of duty to care on defendant. Breach of Duty to care: There are various instances where a duty to care exists between the claimant and the defendant, the issue to determine is whether the actions of defendant were sufficient to meet the duty conferred on him. For determining the above standard of care the test of reasonableness [S. 9(1)] is laid down, in other words the steps a reasonable man would have taken in similar circumstances, in case of failure to act reasonably the breach of duty to care occurs. The defendants conduct must meet reasonable standard. In deciding the reasonable persons behavior in the circumstances of a case the court has to determine various factors such as the probability of occurrence of harm, seriousness of harm, the burden of taking precautions to evade harm, social utility of the activity that creates the risk of harm [S. 9(2)]. The said factors are not severable from each other, they co-exist. In the case of Blyth vs. Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856) and Richards vs. State of Victoria (1969) it was held that the defendants standard of care id determined by apply the test o reasonableness that is to say that the steps what a reasonable person would take in similar circumstances, and it is the duty of the defendant to avoid causing of physical injury to the claimant. Here in the given case Trevor took too long in his work due to which the troop had to return at night. On the other hand when Anna changed from running shoes to high heel shoes Trevor was observing the rare Marbled Frogmouth perched in a tree, and did not exercise the duty to care, he had towards Anna by virtue of the principle laid down in the Blyth and Richards case. [S. 11(1)] Actual Damages occurred: Damages form an important part of the tort of negligence; it is the third essential element of negligence claim. A claim for damages would not lie if the claimant has not suffered actual loss due to the breach of duty to care. In McFarlane v Tayside Health Board (1999) case House of Lords held that, the law of tort in negligence matters allows claim for pain and discomfort arising from personal discomfort. Therefore it can be asserted that the law of negligence requires the tortfeasor to restore the damage, plaintiff sustained, which was the proximate cause of the defendants wrong and it is appropriate to extend the liability of the wrongdoer to the extent of harm caused [S. 11(2)]. Here in the present circumstances it is pertinent to note that Anna sustained an injury [S. 51(a)] on her knee as her heel catches on a tree root and she stumbled down a hill side. Hence Anna is entitled for damages in pursuance of the personal harm [S. 50] caused to her and loss of earnings [S. 55(2)] Defence of contributory negligence Contributory negligence in tort law absolves the liability of the defendant to the extent the plaintiff himself contributed to the act of negligence, resulting in damage [S. 24]. The concept of contributory negligence originated in the case of Butterfield vs. Forrester (1809) wherein the court held that damages would not be granted to the person who could have avoided the harm by exercising ordinary caution [S. 23]. In the case of Davis vs. Mann (1842) the rule of last opportunity was laid which states that the party who has the last opportunity to evade the damage, that party should bear the liability for compensating for the damage. In the case of contributory negligence the onus of proof is on the defendant to prove that the claimant had failed to take reasonable care for his own safety, which resulted in damage, sustained by him. Defense of contributory negligence depends on foreseeability of harm to oneself [S. 23(2)]. In Jones vs. Livos Quarries Ltd. (1952) court held that a person would be guilty of contributory negligence, if he ought to have reasonably foreseen that, in case he did not act as a reasonable prudent man there are probabilities that he might harm himself. The defense of contributory negligence can also be taken in instances where the claimants action would not be inherently dangerous but failure to exercise reasonable care for oneself resulted in the harm. Anna had the last opportunity to avoid the harm, which was likely to be cause by Trevors negligence of carrying on the work for too long, but she changed from running shoes to high heel shoes. Keeping in consideration all these factors it is pertinent to note that Anna failed to act as a reasonable prudent man as it was foreseeable that in case she wears high heel shoes she was likely to harm herself at the forest area. Hence the claimants act was the proximate cause of the injury. Remedies: Contributory negligence is sufficient to defeat a claim of negligence if it is found that the claimant has made 100% contribution towards the harm caused to him. When the court comes to the conclusion that harm caused to a person is a mixed effort of both the claimant and the plaintiff the court determines the damages based on the percentage of contribution each party has done towards the harm caused to the claimant. The court in the case of Jackson v McDonalds Australia Ltd[2014] NSWCA 162 ordered that the claimant was only entitled to 70% of the total damages suffered by him because he contributed 30% towards the injury caused to him as analyzed by the court. The assumption was made by the court as the plaintiff had failed to take reasonable precautions against the clearly displayed warning sign in relation to the wet floor. In this case it is clear that although Trevor had been negligent in complying with his duties there was contribution from Anna towards the harm caused to her. Trevor had been negligent in not noticing that Anna is consuming wine and changing her shoes to heels. He was also negligent by coming late after he went to look for a new spot. Anna on the other hand had ignored clear warning issued by the guidelines and had changed her shoes into heels. Therefore it must be considered in this case that both the claimant and the defendant have made an equal contribution towards the harm caused and damages should be allocated accordingly. According to the principles of Page v Smith[1996] 1 AC 155 a person is liable to pay damages for all the loss suffered by a claimant which is foreseeable by a reasonable person. In this case it is reasonable to foresee that if Anna is injured she would not be able to operate her business and suffer monitory loss. Therefore Trevor is liable to pay damages with respect to the 12 months monitory loss faced by Anna with respect to her business. Conclusion The tort of negligence provides for presence of three essential elements that is duty, breach of duty, and damage. The defendants act or omission to act must be the proximate cause of the damage sustained by the claimant. The test to determine negligence is objective; foreseeability of the harm is to be taken into consideration. Herein the claimant sustained physical injury due to the negligent act of the defendant by taking the troop back from the forest area during night hours despite of the fact that he was aware of the probable harm. The defense available to the defendant is of contributory negligence wherein the liability of the defendant is absolved to the extent the claimant has failed to act as a reasonable prudent man, which led to the injury, loss or damage suffered by the claimant himself, as it is asserted that Anna failed to take reasonable care of herself by wearing high heel shoes, which is the proximate cause of the injury sustained by her and not the cat of the defen dant to lead the troop from forest area during night hour. In the present matter the Claimant is entitled to claim punitive damages to the extent defendant was negligent in exercising his duty to Anna, as she sustained physical injury and lost income due to the injury caused. References Blyth vs. Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856) 11 Ex. 784 Brown vs. Kendall (1850) 60 Mass. 292 Butterfield vs. Forrester (1809) 11 East 60 Caparo Industries PIC vs. Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 Davis vs. Mann (1842) 10 MW 546 Donoghue vs. Stevenson (1932) AC 562 Jones vs. Livos Quarries Ltd. (1952) 2 QB 608 Junior Books Ltd. vs. Veitchi Co. Ltd. (1983) AC 520 McFarlane v Tayside Health Board (1999) 4 All ER 961 Richards vs. State of Victoria (1969) V.R. 136, 143 Dimond, B. (2011). Legal aspects of occupational theory. 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley Law of negligence review (n.d.). Foreseeability, Standard of Care, Causation and Remoteness of Damage, pp. 102-108. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/ConsultationsandReviews/Reviews/2002/~/media/Treasury/Consultations%20and%20Reviews/Reviews%20and%20Inquiries/2002/Review%20of%20the%20Law%20of%20Negligence/Key%20Documents/PDF/Foreseeability.ashx [Assessed 26 December, 2016] Owen, D, G. (2007). The five elements of negligence. Hofstra law review, 35(4), pp. 1671-1674 Posner, R, A. (1972). A theory of negligence. 1 Journal of Legal Studies 29, pp. 29-32 Statsky, W, P. (2011). Torts: Personal injury litigation. 5th ed. USA: Delmar Van Dongen, G, D. and Verdam, H, P. (2016). The development of the concept of contributory negligence in english common law. Utrecht law review, 12(1), pp. 64-69